مجله پژوهش های ترجمه در زبان و ادبیات عربی
پیاپی 27 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

Today, due to the expansion of relations between countries, the importance of the Middle East region in the international arena, Iran's border with some Arab countries, and the establishment of friendly relations and dialogue with them, simultaneous translation from Arabic to Persian and vice versa is of special importance. Accordingly, in addition to mastering various political, economic, military, etc. fields the simultaneous Arabic translator must also have sufficient specialized skills in the field of simultaneous translation because inadvertent or intentional mistakes during simultaneous translation may cause differences between governments and even nations. In this regard, this paper intends to use the descriptive-analytical method to examine the challenges of simultaneous translation of Arabic to Persian political texts. In order to achieve this goal, the simultaneous translation of Seyyed Hassan Nasrallah's Arabic speech was explored in terms of simultaneous translation challenges. Some findings showed that most of the simultaneous translation challenges are related to linguistic (syntactic, semantic, and phonetic) challenges. These include: finding equivalents of words, reducing the words and sentences of the source language, increasing the words and sentences of the source language, borrowing words and syntax from the source language, and lack of familiarity with Arabic dialects. In the section on multilingual challenges, issues such as lack of knowledge of the topics of the meeting, the speed of the speaker’s sentences, not hearing the speaker correctly and completely, and low self-confidence and concentration can be mentioned as the challenges of this section.

Translation is the most original type of thought, which is the agent of transferring a culture from one place to another, in fact, it is a kind of complement to domestic production. Considering its hermetic nature, it always plays a significant role in the production of new ideas. Comparing the structure of different languages helps linguistic studies in a way, from the heart of these comparisons, we somehow get to the structural differences and characteristics of various languages. Gibran Khalil Gibran is a Lebanese-American writer. The novel "Prophet" is one of his most famous works, which has been translated into Arabic and Persian, its key concepts are happiness, sadness, love, work, pleasure, and religion. The present research has compared the Persian and Arabic translations of the novel against the original text of the novel, which is in English, by referring to the descriptive-analytical approach and providing various examples of various linguistic structures, so that various types of different structures of the three languages have been discovered from it, and by comparing the translations, the differences and the distinction between their syntactic and lexical structure were clearly revealed. On the other hand, the evaluation rate of the Arabic and Persian translations of the novel has been investigated based on the model of Carmen Garces. One of the most important results of the discussion is that sometimes the Persian translator, based on his own literary spirit, has created changes in the structures and compositions of the novel, which are somehow mixed with his feelings and literary nature, and this is the mode of expression that has given in the Persian translation of the novel additional interpretative emotions. It has given a double interpretation, while the Arabic translation of the novel shows signs of copying and apparent adaptation of the original text.

Examining terms and how to translate and finding equivalents for them is one of the challenging issues in translation technology. Attention to Arabic terms started in the fourth century of Hijri and was a result of the formation of the translation movement and its growing trend from Persian and Greek languages to the Arabic language. Different knowledge was transferred to the Arabic language through translation, and in this context, the issue of translation of terms became important. Although the knowledge of terminology is very old, its theoretical foundations still need to be discussed. In recent years, with the rise of translation of various texts, including political, literary, and other scientific fields, from Arabic to Persian and vice versa, terms and idiomatic interpretations have gained double importance. In this article, the term, and its types, the difference between the term and the word, and how to translate and equate scientific terms, idiomatic expressions, proverbs, and metaphorical expressions have been analyzed by using the descriptive-analytical method. Equivalence challenges for terms and idiomatic interpretations have difficulties that have been mentioned.

The approach of critical discourse analysis is a new approach that dates back to the end of the twenty century. This approach provides the reader with various possibilities in the field of text analysis so that he can achieve a better or more accurate understanding of the text or discourse through their application. Since the condition of having a good and perfect translation is the correct understanding of the original text, the possibilities of this approach can provide great help to translators to understand the text. Therefore, in this article, we decided to analyze the story under the umbrella of Najib Mahfouz's writing by applying this approach in order to have a better understanding of the ideology and messages of the story. It was done by Hossein Shamsabadi and Mehdi Shahrokh, we investigated and found that the translators did not have a good understanding of this story and as a result, they did not provide a good translation to their audience. This is despite the fact that by using the theory of critical discourse analysis, they could understand the semantic fields as well as keywords and leave behind a better translation. In addition, the authors of this article, relying on the description stage of the theory of critical discourse analysis, which pays special attention to the ideological load of keywords, investigated the translation of this story and came to the conclusion that the lack of correct equivalence in the translation of words and semantic areas of this story has caused that the main ideology of the story, which according to the writers of these lines is chaos and change, is not conveyed to the audience.

Translation is one of the most important means of transmitting cultures among human societies and one of the most effective components of making connections among different nations for the transcendence of human values and the conflict of global ideas. This phenomenon occurs in various forms, either through making the source or target language face eminence or indentation, or through a semantic and structural balance. Antoine Berman is a translation theorist who introduced the distortion components of translation and shed light on the lack of balance between the source and target texts. Translating works of Arab and Iranian nations, also, conveys such components. Among the most significant literary works in the story field is Nūn wa al-Qalam by Jalal Al-e Ahmad, a symbolic story with a social approach. Majede Alanani, the Egyptian translator and researcher, has translated and introduced this story to the Arab world. Berman’s deformation components in this translation depict the translator’s commitment level to the structure and meaning of the source text and show the extent of the audience's attraction to the translation. Applying a descriptive-analytic approach, the researcher, focusing on the quantitative and qualitative enrichment, analyzed the source and target text characters. The results indicate that Alanani tried to preserve the syntactic structure of the source language in translating the description of characters. But this has lowered the translation quality and belittled the sublime meaning conveyed in the source text. In some cases, Alanani tended to apply quantitative impoverishment and removed some words and phrases which resulted in the agitation of the meaning and the message of the source text..

The style of exaggeration, as one of the most frequent syntactic styles, with many latent meanings, has always been the focus of translators. Examining the translation of this style in Nahj al-Balagha, which is a book mixed with eloquent expressions, is very important. On the other hand, Catford, as a theoretician in translation who has presented a precise and meticulous theory in translation, can be a good criterion and scale for analyzing the meaning of translations of Nahj al-Balagha. Be exaggerated in style. This style is used in morphological, syntactic, and rhetorical structures; but since one of the most used of this style is the modified weights of the subject noun, this research has tried to extract these weights with a descriptive-analytical method and apply them to this theory in order to determine the degree of this correspondence or lack of correspondence in reflecting the meaning of exaggeration in the word. Arabic with its translation in Shahidi and Foladvand translations should be identified as two translations that have a special place in terms of literature. After the investigations, it was observed that these translations could not accurately reflect the meaning of exaggeration in the Arabic language based on this theory and failed to reflect the meaning of exaggeration in these weights.

Saadi's Golestan and Jami's Baharestan are two Persian works in prose in which significant techniques have been used in translating Arabic expressions due to the proficiency of the authors in Arabic and Persian languages and their rhetorical and linguistic knowledge. In this research, the Arabic-translated phrases in the mentioned works have been studied based on the target-oriented approach in translation. The basis of this approach is that the translator tries to choose equivalent and equal elements of the target language with regard to the elements of the source language and text. With the help of special methods, he also tries to enter the entire meaning of the desired context into the target language and to avoid conveying the explicit meaning merely. The aim of the present study is to find Arabic to Persian translation techniques in Saadi's Golestan and Jami's Baharestan and to examine the extent of Saadi and Jami's commitment to the target language. Considering that Jami's Baharestan is the most prominent work of art identical to Saadi's Golestan in terms of form and content, the results indicate that the techniques of translating Arabic phrases into Persian in this work are also remarkably similar to Saadi's Golestan. Accordingly, the most distinguished methods of the target-oriented approach in translating the Arabic expressions of Golestan and Baharestan, respectively, are transition, dissimilation, adjunction, and disambiguation.

Each profession has its own rules, limits, and restrictions, and for each profession, its boundaries and rules must be defined. Adherence to the standards, values, and limitations of each discipline can be defined as the professional ethics of that discipline. Due to the special position of the translator in the translation process, the present article has tried to express the ethics of the translator's profession and the prerequisites of the translation profession while using the descriptive-analytical method. Understanding the prerequisites and challenges and slips of the translation profession, as well as work experience in specific fields, makes the translator specialize in a field of translation techniques, and the process of finding expertise provides an important part of professional ethics in the field. Hussam al-Din Mustafa in his book "Basics and rules of the translation industry" has referred to the subject of professional ethics of translation and to various issues in this field, which is the basis of this article. The authors have come to the conclusion that: Familiarity with the culture of the source language, specialization in translation, familiarity with the technique of translation, context in translation, and translation process, are the most important prerequisites that a translator should consider, to be able to provide a more acceptable translation.

Among different types of texts for translation, poems are one of the challenging ones given their aesthetic specifications that are in harmony with the meaning. A poem can convey a variety of aspects of meaning to the audience, which is not easy to do in other ways. In addition, creating a balance at all levels of the target text to create an equal and similar text to the original text is not feasible, which in many cases leads to a failure to convey the whole meaning and concept. Literary recreation is an approach that is expected to attract more attention for making a versified version of the poem translation. The present study examines Jami Poetry Collection by Taiyeh ibn Faraz in terms of semantic, superficial, and aesthetic aspects and the transfer of meanings from Arabic into Farsi in a versified form. The study was carried out through a descriptive-analytical method. Taking into account the notable similarities between Jami and Taiyeh ibn Faraz’s poems in terms of words, sounds, and clarity of words, Jami’s work can be considered as a translation loyal to the original text. The poet does not attempt to create literary aspects to convey the idea via an independent work in Farsi. The translator has made himself committed to finishing the verses with words identical to the original text in terms of sound so that in many cases he has finished the sentences with the exact Arabic word. This approach has created ambiguities in the meaning and highlighted the loyalty of the translation to the original text.

Paying attention to contextual, cultural, and cognitive limitations in translation as a multi-dimensional process is of particular importance and the analysis of language formations from this perspective will have a significant impact on improving the quality of translation. Since cognitive structures determine the desired conceptual content through the formation of conceptual categories, it is essential to examine these metaphors as one of the most widely used language formations that play a significant role in inducing the concepts and ideas of any language. The present research aims to discuss the meaning load of each of these metaphors and how to translate them equally or unequally, while examining examples of conceptual metaphors in Persian, Arabic, and English, using the analytical-comparative method. The results indicate that the conceptual metaphors in the above-mentioned languages are culture-based and are formed according to the lived experiences of the speakers of these languages and they have had a significant impact on the conceptualizations. Therefore, the translation that is considered to convey the meaning of the expressions must be an unequal translation and in accordance with the culture and lived experiences of the speakers of the target language. Consequently, in general, it can be said that paying attention to cognitive categories in translation and conceptualizing the message based on the intellectual and cultural foundations of the source and the target language leads to a correct understanding of the worlds of meaning in the two languages and, accordingly, provides a suitable translation. Based on this, the translator, without forcing himself to be balanced in the translation, should transfer the concepts according to the system of knowledge, epistemology, culture, and worldview of the target language.

Undoubtedly, the world of childhood is one of the most important periods in the life of every human being, a period during which everyone's personality is formed. Therefore, education and intellectual products offered to the child in this period are significant. Animation is a tool affecting the thinking of this age group. Among the humor works that have been done in this field in Iran is the "Shekarestan" animation TV series (2008). It is rooted in old Iranian-Eastern stories, proverbs, fables, and folk tales. This animation TV series has been dubbed into other languages including Arabic. The humor used in this series has special subtleties, which require a lot of care and attention to translate into Arabic. This paper seeks to criticize and analyze the humor translation methods used in the story "False Brother" of this series via a descriptive-analytical method based on the humor translation approach of Magdalena Panek. The result shows that the literal translation method, which is the most profitable humor translation method from the author's point of view, has a high frequency in this part of the series, and this issue has greatly reduced the artistic value of the dubbing group. However, for their efforts, this group has used other strategies of Panek’s techniques, such as modulation, paraphrase, condensation, substitution, deletion, neologisms, and transposition. The general result of this research is that the Arabic dubbing team has not been very successful in localizing this part of Shekarestan in Arabic culture and the humor used in the original language of this story has been sacrificed to the Arabic dubbing.

The novel "Kiss the Lovely Face of God" is one of the successful fiction works of recent years in Persian literature, which attracted the attention of Iranian readers and translators of other languages. Due to entering various social and cultural situations in the modern and urban areas of Iran, this novel contains many cultural components that challenge translators. Going through these cultural components requires exact interaction and familiarity with contemporary Iranian culture. This work was translated into Arabic twice in 2014. "Ivir" offers seven strategies for translating cultural elements, including borrowing, defining, literal translating, replacing, word-building, and deleting and adding. In this study, the performance of two translators of the novel "Kiss the Lovely Face of God" in the transfer of cultural elements based on "Ivir" approaches has been investigated. By analyzing and comparing the two translations, it is clear that the most used method is the replacing strategy, which is sometimes accompanied by defining and adding.